PDCD1 and neoplasm: Some randomized phase III trials have reported a statistically significant achievement in overall survival (OS) with ICIs over docetaxel in patients with platinum-refractory NSCLC: the CheckMate 017 and CheckMate 057 trials in patients with squamous and non-squamous NSCLC, respectively (both tested nivolumab, a monoclonal-antibody of PD-1) (Borghaei et al. 2015; Brahmer et al. 2015); the Keynote 010 phase II/III trial with pembrolizumab, which also interacts to PD-1 (participation was restricted to at least 1% PD-L1 expression level on tumor cells) (Herbst et al. 2016).