Importantly, although signalling via these NF-κB pathways is critical for induction of AMPs in response to systemic infection, several other transcription factors are important regulators of AMPs in the absence of infection and in other tissues – in particular, in barrier epithelia (Becker et al., 2010; Clark et al., 2013; Junell et al., 2010; Reed et al., 2008; Rynes et al., 2012; Senger et al., 2006). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and infection.