MALAT1 and Hyperglycemia: In accordance with the findings from Yan et al., both in vitro and in vivo results from our laboratory have identified that hyperglycemia induces an upregulation of MALAT1 in ECs and in the retina, which in turn regulates increased expression of inflammatory mediators, IL-6, and TNF-α, through serum amyloid antigen three (SAA3) activation [149].