CD8A and type 1 diabetes mellitus: It was found that APS could up-regulate the expression of galectin-1 in muscle of streptozotocin-induced T1DM mice, resulting in the apoptosis of CD8 + T cells, which may be an important mechanism by which APS protects β cells of the pancreatic islets from apoptosis induced by CD8 + T cells in T1DM in vivo [89] (Figure 22).