Although this is the first observation of an association between IL1RN and T. b. gambiense infections, associations have been already reported between IL1RN variants and other diseases such as keratoconus in a Korean population [65], H. pylori gastric [36] and periodontitis disease [64] in the Brazilian population, and hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis in the Chinese population [66]. The gene discussed is IL1RN; the disease is primary biliary cholangitis.