FOXO3 and Atrophy: Nevertheless, our results in vitro are highly significant for MuRF1 (p<0.01), Foxo3 (p<0.01), and Caspase 3 (p<0.001), indicating that, with further development, simulated microgravity systems may present a promising platform for investigation of atrophy pathways and first-step design and selection of novel therapeutics necessary to ensure astronaut health and fitness during long-term spaceflight.