NOD2 and listeriosis: In this pathway, NF-κB is activated independently of CARD9 by the interaction of NOD2 with RIPK2, whereas the interaction of NOD2 with CARD9 promotes the activation of the MAP kinases p38 and JNK, supporting pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to stimulation with the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan or Listeria monocytogenes infection (11).