All three studies measured islet autoantibodies from the peripheral blood at regular time intervals (every 3–6 months) and showed that the presence of two or more islet autoantibodies marks the start of T1D, as nearly all of these genetically at risk children and adolescents develop clinical T1D, indicated by elevated blood glucose, insulin deficiency, and the need for exogenous insulin treatment. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.