Additionally, due to the fact that p32-positive cells are mainly distributed in hypoxic or nutrient-deprived regions and hypoxia is one of the causes of chemoradiation resistance, treatment strategies based on LyP-1 may be potentially used as a powerful pathway for chemoradiation-resistant cancer treatment (Laakkonen et al., 2004; Fogal et al., 2008). This evidence concerns the gene PTPN22 and cancer.