HMGB1 is a multifunctional protein that resides in the nucleus and regulates chromatin structure,99, 100, 101 V(D)J recombination,102, 103 and gene transcription.104 Upon tissue damage, HMGB1 is secreted by necrotic cells,105 whereas immune cells actively release it during infections and when stimulated by inflammatory mediators.106. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and infection.