First, SLE patients exhibit an altered balance in the circulating subtypes of DCs, as their pDC compartment, specialized in the production of type I IFN, is more prominant than normal.155 Second, B cells and monocytes from SLE patients are characterized by increased levels of TLR9 expression, which correlate with higher levels of autoantibodies against dsDNA.154, 156 Moreover, aside from the crucial role of TLR7 in the pathogenesis of SLE, it appears that only TLR9 is required for one of the hallmarks of SLE: the production of anti‐DNA antibodies.157. Here, TLR9 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.