TLR9 and systemic lupus erythematosus: This leads to higher production of both pro‐inflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs.152 Accordingly, the activation of the TLR9 pathway in pDCs and autoreactive B cells has been associated with SLE and RA.4, 153, 154 Below, we provide a brief overview of the findings that have suggested how TLR9 may be involved in specific autoimmune diseases