Furthermore, analysis of gene expression profiles of biopsies collected from 45 melanoma patients before and after commencing anti-CTLA4 (ipilimumab) therapy, showed that in patients with clinical responses to ipilimumab there was increased expression pre- and post-treatment of CXCL9-11, CCL4 and CCL5, chemokines associated with T cell trafficking into melanoma (27). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and melanoma.