Kefir has been shown to improve lipid profile, insulin resistance, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin; reduce weight gain; decrease products of lipid oxidation and proinflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6); and to increase anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-10) in diet-induced animal rodent model of diabetes [68,69]. Here, IL1B is linked to diabetes mellitus.