IL4 and infection: Our previous study described that co-infected Ss infection with active or latent TB has significantly reduced Type 1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2), Type 17 (IL-17A and IL-17F) and increased regulatory as well as Type 2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) cytokines when compared to TB infection alone [14].