Furthermore, we evaluated whether the circulating CILP-2 levels were impacted by overnight fast (a low-insulin and hypoglycemia condition), oral glucose challenges (a hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic condition), euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic condition), and anti-diabetic agent (Exenatide, a natural analogue of GLP-1) in T2DM patients or healthy individuals. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.