These phenomena were induced by phosphorylation of IκB proteins by the IκB kinase (IKK) complex (IKKα, IKKβ, and NF-κB essential modulator or NEMO) (Tak and Firestein, 2001; May et al., 2002) and led to colonic mucosal damage and IBD. This evidence concerns the gene IKBKG and irritable bowel syndrome.