APP and Cognitive impairment: Our results revealed that 24-month-old AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice exhibited a significant decline in spatial learning, and also exhibited spatial memory deficits relative to WT mice (Figs. 1 and 2), supporting the idea that sustained Aβ-related pathologies in the absence of APP overexpression are capable of inducing cognitive deficits in mice.