CCL2 and neoplasm: RF energy induces localized coagulative necrosis during liver resection and releases a significant amount of tumour debris including immunogenic particulates, chemokines [Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and CXCL16], cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 & IL-16) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), i.e., DNA and heat shock protein.