CD1D and infection: Furthermore, infection with kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, vaccinia virus, human papilloma virus (HPV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 all decrease CD1d expression on infected cells, which suggests a shared evolutionary immunoevasion strategy by viruses to circumvent iNKT cell activation [38,39,40,41,42].