HMGB1 and Parkinson disease: For instance, in rat models of hemorrhage-induced brain injury and Parkinson's disease, anti-HMGB1 mAbs protected blood-brain barrier integrity and suppressed HMGB1 release from neurons and astrocytes into the extracellular space, reducing the level of HMGB1 in the blood as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines [69, 70].