Rather, H. pylori expresses various immunomodulators, such as the VacA protein, γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase, NapA protein, and others, to actively interfere with either the maturation and function of antigen-presenting cells or directly with T cells (21, 23, 24, 48, 49), affecting immunity not only locally at the site of infection but also systemically and at distant sites. The gene discussed is NAPA; the disease is infection.