Since treatment increases dedifferentiation and proliferation of PT cells, we examined the effect of PTBA on levels of Kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) expression, which increases in RTECs after AKI and also plays a role in fibrosis and leukocyte recruitment (Humphreys et al., 2013; Ichimura et al., 1998). The gene discussed is HAVCR1; the disease is acute kidney injury.