PDCD1 and neoplasm: In support of this we observed increased levels of CD8+ T cells and decreased PD1 + CD4+ and CD25 + CD4+ T cells in spleens of BALB/c mice administered cetuximab+IL-1α-NP compared to control (Fig. 5G-I), and T cells appeared to be required for the anti-tumor mechanism of IL-1α in particular since rIL-1α (as a single agent) demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity in BALB/c mice (Fig. 4B) but not nude mice (Fig. 4A).