MMP1 and HIV infectious disease: TNF-α strongly correlated with MMP-1 secretion and was found to be a potent stimulus of MMP-1 upregulation by pleural mesothelial cells in response to Mtb. In pericardial TB, concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 were significantly elevated in pericardial fluid, while MMP-7 and MMP-9 were higher in blood of patients with and without HIV-infection [69].