The hypothesis that dysregulated MMP activity may play a role in immunopathology and tissue destruction in TB-IRIS patients was investigated for the first time by Tadokera et al. [83] through a comprehensive analysis of MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, and -13 as well as TIMP-1 and -2 gene expression in Mtb stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 22 patients who developed paradoxical TB-IRIS compared to 22 similar HIV-TB co-infected, non-IRIS control patients. Here, TIMP1 is linked to tuberculosis.