INS and diabetes mellitus: The MDMS-enabled model of specialist outpatient diabetes care further described in the ‘Methods’ section incorporates the following elements: (1) targeting of intensive MDMS use to patients with suboptimal glycaemic control; (2) short or long-term remote monitoring of blood glucose level (BGL) and insulin dosage based on clinical need; (3) optional automated text-messaging feedback to patients based on BGL and self-monitoring frequency; (4) periodic patient self-report; and (5) substitution of conventional in-person follow-up consultations with telephone or video consultations.