In preclinical models, inoculation of mice with B. fragilis, A. muciniphila, and E. hirae have been shown to induce TH1 immune responses, promote maturation of DCs, and increase central memory CD4+ T-cells in mesenteric lymph nodes, tumor draining lymph nodes, and/or the TME in response to checkpoint inhibitors [17, 20]. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is neoplasm.