Beyond associations between specific commensals and response (or lack of) to checkpoint blockade, increased representation of baseline Bacteroidetes phylum (includes Bacteroides fragilis) in melanoma patients and intestinal reconstitution with Burkholderia cepacia in antibiotic-treated, tumor-bearing mice have been shown to reduce anti-CTLA-4-induced colitis potentially by limiting inflammation through stimulation of Treg differentiation [17, 24, 34]. Here, CTLA4 is linked to colitis.