In one study of 249 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n = 140), renal cell carcinoma (RCC, n = 67), and urothelial carcinoma (n = 42) treated with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade after ≥ 1 prior therapies, treatment with antibiotics (beta-lactam inhibitors, fluoroquinolones, or macrolides) 2 months before or 1 month after PD-1/PD-L1 blockade was significantly associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) [20]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to urothelial carcinoma.