Elevated phosphate levels induce the expression of aldosterone synthase in VSMCs via disruption of apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APEX1)-dependent gene suppression, while MR blockade is able to reduce PIT1-dependent osteoinductive signaling and calcification of VSMCs during hyperphosphatemia [64]. This evidence concerns the gene APEX1 and hyperphosphatemia.