By contrast, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AROC) for DME cases of the serum titer of anti-hexokinase 1 IgG was 0.651 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.546–0.710) or 0.632 (95% CI, 0.546–0.717) in patients with diabetes or DR, respectively (Fig. 5a,b). This evidence concerns the gene HK1 and diabetes mellitus.