Quantitative investigation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that the titer of anti-hexokinase 1 antibody in sera from patients with center-involved DME defined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement (the DME group) was significantly higher than in nondiabetic subjects (the no DM group), patients with type 2 DM but not DR (the DM group), or patients with DR but not center-involved DME (the DR group) (P = 0.002, P = 0.003, or P = 0.022, respectively; Fig. 4a, Table 2, Supplementary Fig. S2, Table S3). The gene discussed is HK1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.