Fourth, it is possible that the relationship between the disruptive effects of mutations and parasitemia half-life (surrogate for parasite clearance) may be confounded by host genetics, including the patient G6PD and haemoglobin variants (e.g. HbE) in South East Asia, which varies in different regions [40], as well as underlying pfcrt and pfmdr1 genotypes. This evidence concerns the gene HBE1 and parasitic infectious disease.