AKT1 and autoimmune disease: Besides, there have been extensive clinical and experimental reports indicating that the MAPK and AKT signaling pathways are involved in inducing T cell resistance to Tregs.8, 16, 17, 18 In light of these findings, we speculate that targeting these pathways by modulating PPP1R11 may be exploited as a novel therapeutic option for autoimmune diseases in the future.