H. pylori attachment to host cells triggers the assembly of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) to inject CagA into cells.21,38,39 CagA phosphorylation as well as IL-8 induction can thus be used as reliable biomarkers for a functional T4SS and a manifested H. pylori infection, representing key steps in the development of inflammation-driven gastric cancer.39 To investigate the impact of a NP-coating in this context, gastric AGS cell lines were infected with NP–H. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and gastric cancer.