TNF and cancer: Furthermore, by KEGG annotation of the differentially expressed genes, we revealed that losartan could regulate the expression of key genes involved in distinct signaling pathways, such as transcription misregulation in cancer, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, pluripotency stem cell-regulating pathway, Ras signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway (Figure 4B).