GPNMB and acute kidney injury: We found that the expression levels of CCL2, Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), SOCS3, and Glycoprotein non-metastatic b (GPNMB) were significantly elevated in rats after the induction of AKI by ischemia and reperfusion; however, their levels were remarkably suppressed by the treatment with losartan in rat kidney tissues (Figure 5A–C,E).