DPP4 and heart failure: Although uncertainties were raised about the long-term effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on hospitalization for heart failure following publication of the results of SAVOR-TIMI 53 [7], the findings of other DPP-4 inhibitor CVOTs in T2DM [5, 8], including the recently published CARMELINA trial [6], in addition to retrospective evaluation [67] and pooled analyses [77, 82, 83] of these agents, have provided some reassurance.