The roles of inflammation, including that of the IKKβ/NFκB pathway in astrocytes, are controversial, because while one report has shown that the inhibition of NFκB in astrocytes enhanced food intake [111], another demonstrated astrocytic-mediated inhibition of NFκB to protect animals from HFD-induced obesity [112,113]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.