In one case-control study, the levels of atherogenic LDL-C materials (such as those of small LDL particles and oxidized LDL), and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were higher in MANW females than controls [35], suggesting that metabolic abnormalities evident even in non-obese subjects can negatively affect the outcomes of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and CVD. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and metabolic syndrome.