In the course of infection, these fragments can have proinflammatory activity and are recognized by PGRPs (peptidoglycan recognition proteins), which activate the immune response, especially the Toll or immune deficiency signal transduction pathways, or induce a proteolytic cascade generating antimicrobial compounds that induce phagocytosis or hydrolysis (Dziarski, 2003; Dziarski and Gupta, 2006; Markiewicz and Popowska, 2011). The gene discussed is PGLYRP1; the disease is infection.