TLR4 and infectious disease: In addition, several studies have shown that TLR4 modulates neuronal survival under conditions such as CNS non-infectious diseases and injuries, neuroinflammation and degenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Mollen et al., 2006; Tang A.H. et al., 2007; Tang S.C. et al., 2007; Walter et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018).