In addition to inducing EMT biomarkers, 3MC decreased von Hippel–Lindau protein levels (a risk factor for RCC) and increased CD44 expression in hRECs, which were reversed by digoxin (a HIF inhibitor) and HDAC inhibitors (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and trichostatin A [TSA]). This evidence concerns the gene HDAC9 and renal cell carcinoma.