The interventions in the control group, which included standard diabetes care (diet control, injection of insulin or anti-diabetic medication, and usual care) [14, 16–19, 22, 27], active control (jogging, brisk walking, Yangko or social dancing for exercise, and other aerobic exercises) [13, 15, 21, 23, 25, 26], and no treatment (free activity programme, wait list) [11, 12, 24], could be regarded as conventional treatment or relaxation exercises. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.