GNA12 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: GNA12 has previously been shown to be upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells [37], which induces the carcinogenic effects of GNA12. Furthermore, GNA12 promotes tumor-cell invasion and metastasis by activating the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and upregulating proinflammatory cytokine production [38–41].