The authors found that IN delivery of pentoxifylline to rats significantly suppressed the epileptic seizures induced by lithium-pilocarpine, ameliorated the deficits in visuospatial memory and in the mesodopaminergic system, and enhanced the transient activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-(Nrf2-) in status epilepticus rats. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to status epilepticus.