VEGFA and cancer: CAF produce and secrete a variety of growth factors and cytokines, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), interleukins, as well as ECM components, particularly fibrillar collagens and fibronectins, and metalloproteinases (MMP) which support tumor growth, generate a physical barrier against drugs and immune infiltration and facilitate cancer invasion [1,22,23,24,25].