AGER and chronic kidney disease: RAGE is a cell-surface receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily.[25] There is evidence of ligand/RAGE signaling pathway activation in a wide spectrum of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, chronic renal failure, and rheumatoid arthritis.[26] RAGE is expressed at low levels in normal lung and becomes upregulated in conditions associated with inflammation and lung damage.[6–9] Therefore, RAGE’s inflammatory pathway is not specific of a single lung disease.