In line herewith, increased expression of the DE genes CXCR4, GPNMB, and SPP1 in NAGM suggests that early microglial changes relate to a neurodegenerative microglia profile, as upregulation of these genes was earlier observed in experimental mouse models for MS and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)15,16. Here, GPNMB is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.