IRF3 and HIV-1 infection: To determine whether this differential TLR profile may be involved in the recognition of HIV-1 infection, we performed phosflow pathway analysis (39) of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in peripheral and splenic CD4 T cells and macrophages 10 days following infection of humanized mice with HIV-1 (Fig. 4g to m).