In particular, functional interrogation of this model has identified several pathways that contribute to tumor recurrence in mice, including NOTCH [31], SPSB1 [30], SNAIL [54], CERK [52], and PAR-4 [32], each of which is strongly associated with risk of distant relapse in patients with breast cancer and in the direction predicted by studies in mice, as well as in a manner that is neither specific for local relapse nor restricted to a particular subtype of breast cancer. Here, SNAI1 is linked to breast carcinoma.