TNF and neoplasm: To further investigate the role that tumor–stroma interactions can have on the response to GEM/NAB treatment in PDAC, we evaluated the levels of several cytokines involved in inflammation, immunosuppression and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer [24] (GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8, I-TAC/CXCL11, MIF, SDF-1a + b/CXCL12, TNF-alpha, and TGF-β1) and of mast cell tryptase in the blood of PDAC patients.