TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation: These indicators all increased in the AF group compared to the non-AF group (TGF-β1: 0.38 ± 0.06 vs. 0.09 ± 0.04, p < 0.001; CTGF: 0.55 ± 0.04 vs. 0.37 ± 0.05, p < 0.001).