For example, in two separate models of AD, the APPswe/PS1 and the 5xFAD, inhibiting the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) markedly reduced microglial proliferation, rescuing synapse loss and cognitive deficits (Olmos-Alonso et al., 2016; Spangenberg et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and Alzheimer disease.