Concomitantly, HSV-1 reactivation from its latent phase was demonstrated by the detection of viral ICP4 protein in the TG and cerebral cortex of mice 60 days post-infection, and was accompanied by the up-regulation of markers of neuroinflammation, such as TLR4, IFN α/β, and phosphorylated IRF3 (p-IRF3; Martin et al., 2014a). Here, IRF3 is linked to infection.