It is also worth noting that a further 10 genes after acute RE were significantly differentially regulated and enriched in ‘cancer’ pathways within both the transcriptome (upregulated) and methylome (hypomethylated) analysis, and included 3 genes associated with TGF-beta signalling (FOS, SMAD3, WNT9A), 2 genes with calcium signalling (ITPR, ADCY) and 1 gene with IL-6 signalling (STAT3), protein synthesis (GSK3B) and retinoic acid signalling (RARA). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD3 and cancer.